What Is Embryology Evolution by Definition

The word  embryology  can be broken down into its parts to create a clear definition of the term. An embryo is the early form of a living thing after fertilization has occurred during the development process but before birth. The suffix ology means the study of something. Therefore, embryology means the study of early forms of life before birth. Embryology is a vital branch of biological studies because an understanding of the growth and development of a species before birth can shed light on how it evolved and how various species are related. Embryology is considered to provide evidence for evolution and is a way to link various species on the phylogenetic tree of life. Human Embryology One branch of embryology is human embryology. Scientists in the field have added to our knowledge of the human body by discovering, for example, that there are three major embryologic categories of cells, called the germ cell layers, in our bodies. The layers are: Ectoderm: Forms the epithelium, the thin tissue that creates the outer layer of a bodys surface and lines the alimentary canal and other hollow structures, which not only covers the body but also gives rise to cells in the nervous system.Endoderm: Forms the gastrointestinal tract and associated structures involved in digestion.Mesoderm: Forms the connective and soft tissues such as bone, muscle, and fat. After birth, some cells in the body continue to proliferate, while others dont and remain or are lost in the aging process. Aging results from the inability of cells to maintain or replace themselves. Embryology and Evolution Perhaps the best-known example of embryology supporting the idea of evolution of species is the work of post-Darwin evolution scientist Ernst Haeckel (1834--1919), a German zoologist who was a strong proponent of  Darwinism  and proposed new ideas about of the evolutionary descent of  human  beings. His infamous illustration of several vertebrate species ranging from humans to chickens and tortoises showed how closely all life is related based on major developmental milestones of embryos. Errors in Illustrations After his illustrations were published, however, it came to light that some of his drawings of different species at varying stages were inaccurate in terms of the steps those embryos go through during development. Some were correct, though, and the similarities in species development served as a springboard to propel the field of Evo-Devo into prominence as a line of evidence supporting the theory of evolution. Embryology is an important cornerstone of biological evolution and can be used to help determine similarities and differences between various species. Not only is embryology used as evidence of the theory of evolution and the radiation of species from a common ancestor, but it also can be used to detect some types of diseases and disorders before birth. It additionally has been used by scientists around the world working on stem cell research and repairing developmental disorders. Sources Robinson, Gloria. Ernst Haeckel: German Embryologist. Encyclopaedia Britannica.Klatt, Edward C. Embryology. The University of Utah.

Does the scientific method necessarily always produce...

Scientific method is an epistemological system used by the scientists to investigate natural phenomena, developing new knowledge or correcting preceding knowledge (Jennings, 2008:5). It is considered the best objective framework to construct an accurate representation of the world, it include ideas, procedures, rules, techniques and modes which exist in theoretical research, applied research, development and promotion of scientific activities. This essay aim to prove that although the scientific method does not necessarily always produces reliable and valid knowledge, it is stills a most reasonable inference to help human understand natural phenomena. Therefore, at the first, the basic steps of the scientific method will be introduced.†¦show more content†¦Scientists build confidence from a number of successful hypotheses, then to do more research with satisfactory explanation of the observed phenomena. After understanding the steps of scientific method, it is necessary to discuss its objectivity. Objectivity is the core value of the science and scientific method; it reveals how science is practiced and how scientific knowledge is created (Ziman, 1996:751). To be specific, it means that science should not have biases, emotional factor and commitments. Booth (2004) detailed lists the necessary standard of scientific objectivity. Firstly, the understandability between subjects, science is not private affairs; critical scientific statement must be communicated with each other. Therefore must use some kind of universal language to express. Secondly, science does not depend on the frame of reference. The position, state of consciousness and angle of the observer are not important. Thirdly, the verifiability between subjects, the correctness of the statement can be convinced through appropriate measures. Fourth, the science does not depend on the method. The correctness of statement is no t allowed to rely on the method of verification statement. Finally, no agreement, the correctness of statement is not allowed to establish on the unfounded behavior, such as a resolution or promise. Additionally, the objectivity of scientific method can be expressed by the reliable and valid conclusion which produced byShow MoreRelatedEffect of Different Music Genres on the Mind6676 Words   |  27 PagesJustification of Chosen Method...........7 Discussion of validity in Chosen method.................................................13 Assessment of variables and control........................................................15 Safety and Hygiene Considerations..........................................................17 Why I chose this topic? 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The organization is sound and the author does a superior job of presenting the structure of arguments. David M. Adams, California State Polytechnic University These examples work quite well. Their diversity, literacy, ethnic sensitivity, and relevancy should attract readers. StanleyRead MoreThe Analysis of Recruitment and Training System to Improve Employee Productivity at Pt Sentrainti Medan18297 Words   |  74 Pagesrecruitment and training systems improve employees‟ productivity. The writer will use stratified random sampling as the technique to collect the sample from population. From the data analysis, the writer has found out that the collected data are valid and reliable thus can be used or processed further in this research. 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Role Of Anticipated Guilt General Emotions †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Role Of Anticipated Guilt General Emotions? Answer: Introduction A research has been made on the ethical issue of downloading music and videos from the different sources of internet. The report is prepared after considering different viewpoints regarding the piracy of the music and the videos and the copyright issues regarding the files. The given investigation portrays how people have an alternate perspective towards downloading music or video from the web illicitly. It may not be moral, and downloaders may be sued for copyright encroachment, yet there are no laws that criminalize Australians downloading and watching content for their individual utilize. In addition, when theft is done, it implies that duplicates of a few records are made unlawfully without the consent of the copyright proprietor. The paper displayed examines downloading motion picture and television in light of the diverse speculations of morals when inferred to the investigation. Overview of ICT-Related Ethical Issue For this situation examine two standards are utilized to comprehend the moral issues on downloading motion pictures and TV. However, before it is clarified the speculations ought to be seen plainly. It is a moral issue for the downloader and lawful advances can be taken and copyright encroachment notice can be given to the downloader. In any case, there are no laws that criminalize Australians downloading and watching content for their own particular individual utilize (www.smh.com.au, 2016). There are different music fans who can illegally download the media content of the record industry across the world and illegally download music and cause piracy. The piracy is required to be stopped and a warning is required to be created for the spreading the awareness among the people that the illegal access can cause infringement and suspension of the account. Application of ethical theory to the analysis Consequentialism: This hypothesis decides the result of the move made by a person. The result of an activity is controlled by applying this hypothesis, when an individual take part in doing some work they should consider the result from that work as per their ecological encompassing. This implies an individual ought not to do an errand that negatively affects nature. As an individual he should believe that he is doing well or wrong occupation and its consequences (Carlson, 2013). In view of the point downloading film or television from web an individual ought to consider his moral esteems and judge himself that what might be the impact in the event that he downloads a substance that is copyright ensured (Vossen, 2014). The individual ought to not generally consider his benefit instead of put some focus on the impact that would be caused for their work done. The goal of the action are not considered before taking any action for accessing the web contents like the music and videos. Non-Consequentialism: In this hypothesis the individual occupied with doing some activity doesn't consider the result of the work they do. The result is judged in the wake of completing the assignment and on that premise the following move is made. Morals has as minimal influence in Non-Consequentialism the significant concentrate of the individual is on finishing his undertaking (Nye et al., 2015). A copyright theft can cause jail for the hackers and affect the morality of the hacker hacking the media and the videos. The moral goodness and the badness of the hacker is required to be considered for the analysis of the ethical theory for analyzing the rightness and wrongness of the action taken by the people for accessing the music and the videos available on the website. The goals and consequence of the action is required to be considered for implementation of the action. Illegal Downloading is Stealing The ubiquity of web has expanded the offers of motion pictures, music in CD and DVDs. The deals have expanded alongside the expansion of unlawful download of the media. Different diverse projects like piece deluge, utorrent and other direct downloading programs permits the downloading of this media. A few conceives that the downloading of tunes and motion pictures from the web is like the taking of music CDs from the shop. At the point when a paid media is downloaded unlawfully through a downpour or any direct download programming it implies that the media is dispersed free of cost through the download customer while alternate clients pays cash to purchase that same media. Downloading the media that is copyright secured is an unlawful movement (Wang and McClung, 2012). The craftsmen makes CDs for the joy of the general population and it costs them a great deal and consequently they anticipate that everybody will pay cash to purchase their CDs. In this regard downloading a media illic itly is likeness taking CD from the nearby store (Cockrill and Goode, 2012). There are numerous laws against the copyright and infringing upon this law can cause an enormous fine on the downloader. On the off chance that anybody is discovered downloading paid media with copyright security the copyright proprietor can document a body of evidence against him and it can cause fine or correctional facility. Downloading the media isn't right, and everybody ought to have an ethical esteem and comparative discipline is given for taking media from the store. No discipline or fine ought to be given for downloading music or motion pictures that are free in the web. YouTube is totally free for the client to watch music recordings and if online recordings can be seen on YouTube with the expectation of complimentary then anybody can have it on their PC too. Anybody can scan the web to tune in for a free tune however can't download it; it is outlandish that the download of the free substance causes lawful infringement. It is like record a TV appear from the link box. A few people may feel that they pay for the link association yet web is additionally not free, it is preferably more costly than a link association, individuals can put the recorded show in the web and it ought not to be unlawful for downloading it. A few people privateer it for cash and offering the video content for cash is unquestionably a theft and they ought to be fined for that (Aaltonen and Salmi, 2013). A few people have the perspective that, when they get the media with the expectation of complimentary then for what reason would they pay cash to get it, the ethical feeling of general society ought to grow up and there ought to be more mindfulness in regards to theft of the web content. Downloading a media that doesn't negatively affect the economy ought not to be considered as an illicit action. Recommendations There are numerous viable answers for explain downloading of motion pictures unlawfully, for example, This issue can be explained by executing a few directions on the source site from where the media is accessible. The proprietor of a few media can apply new enactment approaches for the medium through which the media is made accessible to the client. The cost for which the substance ought to be accessible to the client ought to be with the end goal that the client would pay cheerfully. More attention to debilitate the Australians for utilizing privateer locales and increment their moral esteem ought to be finished. The first substance ought to be made accessible to the web on their discharge this lessens the robbery to an extraordinary level. The school and open wifi supplier ought to be mindful to track the web utilization and for the encroachment take note. Conclusion: In this examination the topic legal restrictions on the downloading of music and videos from the internet should be abolished is considered in subtle elements and we presume that the media that is allowed to watch on the web ought to be allowed to download and the clients ought not get copyright encroachment see for that. The use of web to download paid substance from torrents or other engines can be considered as an illegal activity and is required to be considered as an unlawful action and fine can be forced for that. As this causes a gigantic misfortune in the economy, the craftsmen makes music CDs or DVDs that costs them and it ought not be made accessible to the general population at free of cost. References Carlson, E., 2013. Consequentialism reconsidered (Vol. 20). Springer Science Business Media. Cockrill, A. and Goode, M.M., 2012. DVD pirating intentions: Angels, devils, chancers and receivers. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 11(1), pp.1-10. Jacobs, R.S., Heuvelman, A., Tan, M. and Peters, O., 2012. Digital movie piracy: A perspective on downloading behavior through social cognitive theory. Computers in human behavior, 28(3), pp.958-967. Jambon, M.M. and Smetana, J.G., 2012. College students' moral evaluations of illegal music downloading. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 33(1), pp.31-39. Jnasson, J.O. and Gunnlaugsson, H., 2016, October. How widespread is cybercrime: Types and Volume of Public Vic-timization in Iceland. In NSfKs 58. Research Seminar (p. 446). Keipi, T., Nsi, M., Oksanen, A. and Rsnen, P., 2016. Online hate and harmful content: Cross-national perspectives (Vol. 200). Taylor Francis. Nandedkar, A. and Midha, V., 2012. It wont happen to me: An assessment of optimism bias in music piracy. Computers in Human Behavior, 28(1), pp.41-48. Nye, H., Plunkett, D. and Ku, J., 2015. Non-Consequentialism Demystified. Robertson, K., McNeill, L., Green, J. and Roberts, C., 2012. Illegal downloading, ethical concern, and illegal behavior. Journal of Business Ethics, 108(2), pp.215-227. Saber, J.A., 2016. Determining Small Business Cybersecurity Strategies to Prevent Data Breaches (Doctoral dissertation, Walden University). Vossen, C., 2014. Cyber Attacks Under the United Nations Charter. Critical Reflections on Consequentialist Reasoning. Wang, X. and McClung, S.R., 2012. The immorality of illegal downloading: The role of anticipated guilt and general emotions. Computers in Human Behavior, 28(1), pp.153-159

Cooperative Work and Social Computing †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Cooperative Work and Social Computing. Answer: Introdcution: Post the Arab Spring that saw citizens of several Middle Eastern countries making peaceful protests against regimes, in Syria the quiet protests escalated into a civil war in 2011 and then began a mass exodus of Syrians that became a humanitarian crisis never seen before (Doganay Demiraslan, 2016). 6.6 million Syrians were internally displaced and about 4.6 million moved to safer havens in the neighbouring countries, Europe, Canada and other countries. The search for a place away from the perils of the war zone continues. 4.6 million Syrians have lost their lives and about 12 million of them had to leave their homes. Droughts from 2007-2010 had already weakened the Syrian economy and most of the population suffered from poverty. The war, disruption of education, health services, injuries, disability and loss of livelihood, perilous journeys away from home, in foreign lands where they are unwelcome, the Syrians are fraught with poverty and ill health (Al Jazeera, 2016). Social determ inants of health determine how people live, work, grow and age. The employment conditions, social connections and the political system of the country impact an individual's health (WHO, 2017). Most of the Syrian refugees have taken shelter in Lebanon, Jordan and Turkey. Many reside in camps built by the United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR). The impact of such an impoverished existence where a choice has to be made between two dangerous options, on the lives of the young and the old cannot be healthy. But globalisation has it benefits, people from across the world are aware of the hapless plight of the Syrian refugees. Donations by countries, organisations such as, UNHCR,UNICEF, the World Bank, the WHO are striving hard to study how best to help the Syrian refugees in crisis (Bilukha, et al., 2014). Steps are afoot to help the host countries to balance the needs of their own citizens with those of the refugees. The uncertainties of the future, interrupted schooling of children and a struggle to find employment in the countries where they have taken refuge, the social determinant of health that increases the propensity for physical and mental illness among men, women and children, the elderly and the disabled is, mainly poverty. The children have witnessed their parents weighing the consequences of staying on in a war-torn country against life full of uncertainties in a foreign country. Several health challenges are encountered by the Syrian refugee population. In the refugee camps in Jordan, Lebanon and Turkey, outbreaks of infectious diseases are common. Diseases that had become uncommon due to vaccination programs have affected the health of the refugees who live in camps where hygiene is compromised and many children have not been immunized. Measles, polio, tuberculosis and leishmaniasis are being reported regularly. Cholera outbreaks are also reported (Ozaras, et al., 2016). Costs of medicines in host countries are often high. The refugees already under the impact of poverty due to lack of regular employment and low wages are unable to afford expensive healthcare (El-Khatib, Scales, Vearey, Forsberg, 2013). In the Za'atri camp at Jordan, several relief providers from France, Saudi Arabia and Morocco try to provide healthcare, but the demand for their services is very high and only the more urgent cases are able to get treatment. The Jordanian government runs a free immunisation program for the children but lack of awareness and the fear of having make out-of-pocket payments makes parents reluctant to utilize the service. (El-Khatib, Scales, Vearey, Forsberg, 2013). Nutritional status of Syrian refugees is severely compromised. They are unable to obtain nutritious food since they depend on aid agencies. 44.8% children and 48.4% women were found to be suffering from anemia at the Za'atri camp (Bilukha, et al., 2014; (Hossain, Leidman, Kingori, Al Harun, Bilukha, 2016). The population of refugees is already reeling under debt. Syrians who live outside camps and pay rent also have to pay 25% of the expense towards healthcare in case of illness. The delivery of healthcare in host countries is inequitable and with shrinking availability of funds the plight of the poverty stricken Syrian refugees has grown. The prevalence of non-communicable diseases among the elderly refugee population is severe. The collapse of the Syrian healthcare delivery due to war meant that many of them were compelled to survive without medicines and diagnostic tests. Their chronic illness need urgent attention. In a study on the refugee population in Lebanon, refugees were questioned about diabetes, hypertension, chronic respiratory disease, cardiovascular disease and arthritis. 82.9% of those with chronic non-communicable diseases sought healthcare mostly in primary health centres rather than in private clinics. 69.7% of the refugees made out-of-pocket payments of about $15 towards consultation fees. Prevention of adverse outcomes requires that better treatment for Syrian refugees must be made available due to their poor financial status (Doocy, Lyles, Hanquart, Team, Woodman, 2016). Poor living conditions prevail in refugee camps and the unsanitary conditions may lead to a higher incidence of respiratory infections, urogenital infections, skin diseases and gastrointestinal infections. Hepatitis A, varicella and malaria are frequently reported due to the poor housing in tents or containers at the camps that is often not weather proof (Doganay Demiraslan, 2016). Poverty has been in general associated with poor health outcomes. Low socioeconomic status exposes people to environmental stress that makes them more prone to disease. Patients with a poor financial status suffering from type 2 diabetes are more likely to suffer from complications. Low intake of nutritious foods and fruits and vegetables that offer protection from diseases, make the impoverished people prone to several diseases including cancer (Heidary, Rahimi, Gharebaghi, 2013). Cancer incidence and survival are linked to the socioeconomic status of the patient because access to expensive healthcare p revents them from taking expensive treatment. The Syrian refugee population is impoverished and has withstood considerable trauma due to war, forced displacement from their own country and the fight for survival continues in their new environment that is fraught with challenges. The risk of mental illnesses is high among Syrian refugees. Many of them have witnessed the war from close quarters. They escaped violence, bombings, dwindling healthcare services and lack of medicines and encountered risks while travelling to the neighbouring countries. High levels of fear and stress forced people to leave their homes because their houses, schools or offices could be bombed at any moment. Many moved after a family member died or was wounded (Handicap International, 2016). By the time they arrived to a neighbouring country as refugees they had lost their livelihoods and they had to live on international aid provisions. Post traumatic stress disorder,(Alpak, et al., 2015) anxiety and depression are common mong the refugees (Naja, Aoun, El Khoury, Abdallah, Haddad, 2016) It is suggested tht to overcome the trauma experienced during war, the refugees must try to increase resilience. Some people are more resilient while others may be vulnerable to various illnesses due to the traumatic experiences. But improving self-efficacy through building resilience can help refugees cope with mental stress better. They can take small steps towards leading a normal life and reduce the psychological impact of the stress due to their experiences (Almoshmosh, 2016). Self management of patients with mental illness can help them to engage better with the mental health professionals. There are however, ways to improve healthcare and make efforts to rescue the refugees from poverty. The host countries have difficulties in providing healthcare and employment to their own population and to the refugees. Several international agencies are working to increse aid and collect nd analyse data about refugee healthcare in order to identify unmet needs and to determine areas where the largest gaps between demand and delivery of services exist. The UNHCR has played a pivotal role in building camps, provision of clean drinking water and nutritious food. The World Bank has stopped aid to the Syrian government and has directed funds towards the refugee population. The UN provided an aid of $770 million to help Lebanon provide relief to the refugees (Cherri, Gonzlez, Delgado, 2016). Often, neuropsychiatric programs may not be a part of the health services delivered to refugees. Providing regular healthcare remains a priority in provision of healthcare during a refugee crisis. Prevention of a possible stroke can reduce morbidity and other diseases like brain tumor, epilepsy and schizophrenia can be treated through funds collected in a targetted manner since the treatments of these ailments require higher financial inputs (McKenzie, Spiegel, Khalifa, Mateen, 2015). Preventative steps can help in reducing morbidity in case of non-communicable diseases: diabetes, cardiovascular disease and hypertension. The expenses incurred on secondary and tertiary treatments could increase costs. Increased focus on health promotion programs that prevent patients from developing non-communicable diseases can help to reduce disease burden and teaching patients to self manage can reduce healthcare costs low. Funding cannot keep pace with the requirement of provision of free or subs idized healthcare among the refugees, so costs need to be kept low (Doocy S. , Lyles, Akhu-Zaheya, Burton, Burnham, 2016). Both Lebanon and Jordan are middle income level countries and need low cost solutions for providing optimum healthcare toSyrian refugees. The huge humanitarian crisis that the Syrians are facing has people from around the world donate money so that they can be treated and helped to withstand the torture of civil war. Conclusion It is important to understand the plight of the citizens of the strife-torn country. They have been forced to leave their country due to the civil with no end in sight. The war has left them battered, suffering from injuries and several health related problems. The fact that they have lost their source of livelihood has made them dependent on the financial agencies. Globalisation has made it possible for their troubles to be understood by the world community. The pouring of aid is not enough as the healthcare needs of an impoverished people are large and growing. The impact of poverty during their stay in adopted countries in poor quality housing has led to widespred incidence of infectious diseases, mental illness due to stress, nutritional deficiencies, non-communicable diseases among the elderly, disability and wounds caused during the war are the several health issues that refugees suffer from. Lack of employment has caused them severe distress and lower wages due to discriminati on is another problem. But steps are being taken to improve funding and reduce morbidity among the Syrian refugees. References Almoshmosh, N. (2016). The role of war trauma survivors in managing their own mental conditions, Syria civil war as an example. Avicenna Journal of Medicine, 6(2): 5459. Alpak, G., Unal, A., Bulbul, F., Sagaltici, E., Bez, Y., Altindag, A., . . . Savas, H. (2015). Post-traumatic stress disorder among Syrian refugees in Turkey: a cross-sectional study. International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice, 19(1):45-50. Bilukha, O., Jayasekaran, D., Burton, A., Faender, G., King'ori, J., Amiri, M., . . . Leidman, E. (2014). Nutritional Status of Women and Child Refugees From Syria-Jordan, April-May 2014. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports, 63 (29): 638-639. Cherri, Z., Gonzlez, P., Delgado, R. (2016). The LebaneseSyrian crisis: impact of influx of Syrian refugees to an already weak state. Risk Management and Healthcare Policy, 9: 165172. Doganay, M., Demiraslan, H. (2016). Refugees of the Syrian Civil War: Impact on Reemerging Infections, Health Services, and Biosecurity in Turkey. Health Security, 14(4):220-5. Doocy, S., Lyles, E., Akhu-Zaheya, L., Burton, A., Burnham, G. (2016). Health service access and utilization among Syrian refugees in Jordan. International Journal for Equity in Healthcare, 15(1):108. doi: 10.1186/s12939-016-0399-4. Doocy, S., Lyles, E., Hanquart, B., Team, L. S., Woodman, M. (2016). Prevalence, care-seeking, and health service utilization for non-communicable diseases among Syrian refugees and host communities in Lebanon. Conflict Health, 10(21). El-Khatib, Z., Scales, D., Vearey, J., Forsberg, B. (2013). Syrian refugees, between rocky crisis in Syria and hard inaccessibility to healthcare services in Lebanon and Jordan. Conflict Health, 7(18): doi: 10.1186/1752-1505-7-18. Handicap, I. (2016). Qasef : Escaping the bombing. Handicap International. Heidary, F., Rahimi, A., Gharebaghi, R. (2013). Poverty as a Risk Factor in Human Cancers. Iranian Journal of Public Health, 42(3): 341343. Hossain, S., Leidman, E., Kingori, J., Al Harun, A., Bilukha, O. (2016). Nutritional Situation Among Syrian Refugees Hosted in Iraq, Jordan, and Lebanon: Cross Sectional Surveys. Conflict Health, 10(26). Jazeera, A. (2016). /syria-civil-war-explained-160505084119966.html. Retrieved from https://www.aljazeera.com: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/05/syria-civil-war-explained-160505084119966.html McKenzie, E., Spiegel, P., Khalifa, A., Mateen, F. (2015). Neuropsychiatric disorders among Syrian and Iraqi refugees in Jordan: a retrospective cohort study 2012-2013. Conflict Health, 9:10. doi: 10.1186/s13031-015-0038-5. Naja, W., Aoun, M., El Khoury, E., Abdallah, F., Haddad, R. (2016). Prevalence of depression in Syrian refugees and the influence of religiosity. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 68:78-85. Ozaras, R., Leblebicioglu, H., Sunbul, M., Tabak, F., Balkan, I., Yemisen, M., . . . Ozturk, R. (2016). The Syrian conflict and infectious diseases. Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 14(6):547-55. WHO. (2017). social_determinants/en/. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/: https://www.who.int/social_determinants/en/